Presentation on Design & Implementation of Color Sensor. Introduction Light is a physical phenomenon.When the components of light are absorbed or transmitted in different proportions by an object, color occurs. The color of an object is apparent only when light strikes the object. For color to be perceived, the viewer must have blue, green, and red receptors. Depending upon its chemical make-up, matter has the ability to absorb, reflect or transmit visible light. When all the components of visible light are absorbed by matter, the object is said to be black.On the other hand, if all the components of visible light are reflected or transmitted by the object, the object is considered white or clear. The visible light spectrum is a small part of the electro-magnetic spectrum. The visible spectrum has a wavelength range of about 380 to 740 nm. Human eye can perceived only the visible light. Wavelength & frequency interval of different colors Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} table.MsoTableColorfulGridAccent5 {mso-style-name:"Colorful Grid - Accent 5"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1; mso-tstyle-colband-size:1; mso-style-priority:73; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid white; mso-border-insideh-themecolor:background1; mso-tstyle-shading:#DAEEF3; mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent5; mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:51; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; color ...

Presentation on INTELLIGENT HOME SECURITY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION: Considering some present problems of a building or an area in our country, we have found that providing security is one of the main concerns. So we thought about a security system which will help in providing continuous safety to us and our assets. The basic aim of this project was to investigate different ways of intruders breaking into residential areas and to adopt an appropriate security system. We can protect our family and valuables with this microcontroller based security system that will let us rest our head knowing that should anyone trying to break into our home or building, an alarm will go on and the security will be alerted immediately. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of our project are as following: To provide security to the residential and commercial areas. To detect intruders entering into restricted regions. To make a reliable security system. To make a system with minimum cost and power consumption. POSSIBLE OUTCOMES: If a person wants to enter into the secured area in a wrong manner, corresponding LED and alarm will be on. The state is not changed until the system is reset. If anyone tries to break the door of a flat in the absence of the owner, the security person will be alerted through the same process. The system is also capable to detect fire and there is also an IR pair in the room to detect unwanted person in the house in the absence of the owner in case the person enters through the window or in any other way. There is a switch to control the two IR pairs in the house because these two pairs will be on if there is no one in the house. OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSAL BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SIMULATION RESULT: ADVANTAGES: Cheap cost. Negligible power consumption. Low maintenance cost. Flexible. Reliability of operation. Low installation cost. Minimum load variation. LIMITATIONS: Coverage range of IR transmitters used are approximately 20 feet. So there will be need of “repeaters” to cover large areas. We have proposed for a reliable system as far as we could have done. But like the other security systems, it is also breakable. There is a chance of false alarm in the system but the probabilities are very small. There is an effect of sunlight on infrared communication between transmitter and the receiver. The system is more reliable in the absence of daylight. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS: With proper research, the system can be made wireless. We can use CCTV with the existing system in order to increase reliability. We can also use flashlight and camera with proper zooming abilities. By using infrared lasers, we can increase the coverage area to a greater extent. POWER CONSUMPTION: For our project, the required dc voltage is approximately 5v and the required current is ...

Presentation on Satellite Based Train Monitoring System Introduction Transportation is a large & important part of the economy & the need for transportation increase continuously. Train is one of the main & biggest transportation system in Bangladesh. Everyday thousands of people travel in train to different destinations. For good customer service it is their responsibility to have a good management system. So it is necessary for them to have a clear idea about the actual position, speed, time to reach destination of a particular train at every instant. But unfortunately there is no such system that could give them clear idea about the situation. What they do is, they divide the total network in kilometer blocks & approximates the position of a particular train. Existing Monitoring System The existing conventional monitoring system most of the times relay on the oral communication through telephonic and telegraphic conversations. In our railway system, when train crosses a station & sets for next station the rail track between the two station is locked & no other train are permitted to enter in that locked section. A station can only senses a train within its 1200 ft. range. When a train crosses this limit a station can only tell the train is somewhere between the two station but cannot tell in which particular position & at what speed the train is heading to the next station. This miscommunication may lead to wrong allocation of the track for trains, which ultimately leads to the train collision. When a train passes a station it blocks the total link up to next station. If the train makes too late to reach the next station then they check the link manually. If problem exists it takes hours to know for them about the problem. In our project we have implemented a Satellite based Train Monitoring System that would give the status of a train at any instant. This status can be viewed by the train control room as well as any passenger who want to access it. Objectives: To monitor the status of a particular train at any instant. This system will also provide a way to minimize the accidents & helps to minimize the human errors which cause accidents. Passengers who will travel by train can know the status of their train by internet at any time. This would help him to make decision about his traveling. The monitoring could be done from various points which will reduce human errors. Project Overview GPS (global positioning system) is a device that can give its own longitude, latitude, speed etc. from the orbiting satellites. There are 24 satellites orbiting our earth. These satellites transmit transparent data to earth. A GPS receives the data from the satellites those can be viewed by the device & calculates its status. Fig: AVL VT310 GPS-GPRS module. Fig: Flow Diagram of GPS based train monitoring system Fig: Position updating in Google Map from client end ...

Presentation on IMPLEMENTATION OF A VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY IS ENERGY GENERATED FROM NATURAL RESOURCES—SUCH AS SUNLIGHT, WIND, TIDES, AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT—WHICH ARE RENEWABLE. NOW A DAYS RENEWABLE ENERGY IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC IN POWER GENERATION. ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY We can use it repeatedly without depleting it. No contribution to global warming. No polluting emissions. Low cost applications when counting all costs. Saving on health and its costs. RENEWABLE ENERGIES KNOWN RENEWABLE ENERGIES ARE SOLAR WIND BIOMASS HYDRO etc… TYPES OF WIND TURBINES Horizontal axis Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and are usually pointed into the wind Vertical axis Vertical-axis turbines rotate on a vertical axis. VERTICAL AXIS Vertical-axis turbines rotate on a vertical axis. Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable. VAWTs can utilize winds from varying directions. VAWT SUBTYPES DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE GIROMILL SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE ADVANTAGES A MASSIVE TOWER STRUCTURE IS LESS FREQUENTLY USED. THEY HAVE LOWER WIND STARTUP SPEEDS THAN HAWTS. THEY MAY BE BUILT AT LOCATIONS WHERE TALLER STRUCTURES ARE PROHIBITED. VAWTS SITUATED CLOSE TO THE GROUND CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF LOCATIONS. THEY MAY HAVE A LOWER NOISE SIGNATURE. SIMPLE MANTAINENCE. SIMPLICITY OF MANUFACTURE AND INSTALATION. DOES NOT DEPEND ON WIND DIRECTION VAWT DISADVANTAGES MOST PRODUCE ENERGY AT ONLY 50% OF THE EFFICIENCY OF HAWTS IN LARGE PART BECAUSE OF THE ADDITIONAL DRAG THAT THEY HAVE AS THEIR BLADES ROTATE INTO THE WIND. A VAWT THAT USES TO HOLD IT IN PLACE PUTS STRESS ON THE BOTTOM BEARING AS ALL THE WEIGHT OF THE ROTOR IS ON THE BEARING. HAVING ROTORS LOCATED CLOSE TO THE GROUND WHERE WIND SPEEDS ARE LOWER DUE TO WIND SHEAR, THEY MAY NOT PRODUCE AS MUCH ENERGY AT A GIVEN SITE AS A HAWT WITH THE SAME FOOTPRINT OR HEIGHT. DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE FOR IMPLEMENTING PURPOSE WE CHOOSE THE DARRIEUS TYPE VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE. THE REASONS BEHIND IT ARE GIVEN BELOW. DARRIEUS TURBINES, WHICH ARE LIFT-DRIVEN, HAVE A HIGHER POWER POTENTIAL THAN THE HORIZONTAL, OR DRAG-DRIVEN TURBINES. THE MAIN DRAWBACK WITH THEIR DESIGN IS THEIR INABILITY TO SELF-START. DARRIEUS TURBINES REQUIRE AN EXTERNAL ENERGY SOURCE TO BRING THE DEVICE TO A MINIMUM ROTATIONAL SPEED COMPONENTS Base: The base will be a truncated pyramid, about 3ft tall. This base was made by angles. It has different levels, one at ground level, one hold the way up and one at the top. There is two bearing mounted in the top and bottom of the top levels. Shaft: Sitting in these bearings will be ...

PRESENTATION ON Implementation of One cycle control technique for Buck converter. INTRODUCTION: The one cycle control technique is proposed to control the duty ratio ‘d’ of a switch such that in each cycle the average value of a switched variable of the switching converter is exactly equal to or proportional to the control reference in the steady state or in a transient. The control technique is general and applicable to all types of PWM, soft-switched switching converters for either voltage or current control in continuous or discontinuous conduction mode. OBJECTIVE: Our aim to control the Buck converter output by one cycle control technique. We Apply the control technique for the following condition By Orcad simulation. Rejection to Power Source Perturbation Following the Control Reference Variation of load. One-Cycle Control Circuit Diagram One-Cycle Control Theory A switch operates according to the switch function k ( t ) at a frequency fs = l/Ts, where Ton+ Toff= Ts. The input signal X(t) at the input node of the switch is chopped by the switch and transferred to the output node of the switch to form a switched variable y(t). Y(t) = k ( t ) x ( t ) (5) Suppose the switch frequency fs Is much higher than the frequency bandwidth of either the input signal x(t) or the control reference Vref. The switched variable y(t) at the output node of the switch is the product of the input signal x(t) and the duty-ratio d ( t ) ; therefore, the switch is nonlinear SIMMULATION OF ONE-CYCLE CONTROL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: At Normal condition: The Buck converter Output: (1) Rejection of Input Variation (2) Output follows the control Reference: Variation of Load: Normal output at load 150 ohm. If we Change the load 150ohm to 200ohm than the output METHODOLOGY: Theoretical study and analysis of One cycle control technique . Simulate the One cycle control of Buck converter circuit with ORCAD 9.2. Collect the necessary components. Test each portion of circuit individually. Implementation the One cycle control of Buck converter circuit practically. Experimental Setup Opto-coupler wave Shape Flip-flop output waveform Inverted amplifier output Buck Converter Integrator output wave shape: Comparator Output Future Works: The One-Cycle Control technique will be applied for the following type of Switches. Constant ON-time switch. Constant OFF-time switch Variable switch. CONCLUSION: converters with One Cycle Control are capable of rejecting the power source perturbations completely the average value of the switched variable at the switch output node is able to follow the control reference within one cycle. The One-Cycle Control concept is straightforward and its implementation circuits are simple, yet it provides excellent control. REFERENCE: One-Cycle Control of Switching Converters. Keyue M. Sm ...